An autoantibody is an antibody (a type of protein) produced by the immune system that is directed against one or more of the individual's own tissues, organs,cells and cellular components (including proteins and nucleic acids). Normally, immune cells can discriminate self from non-self. A normal body does not respond to its own antigens. This self-defense mechanism of immune system is called Immune Tolerance. The body maintain normal growth, development and survival by immune tolerance systerm. Once this system is destroyed, the immune system recognize one or more of the body's normal constituents as "non-self", and leading to production of pathological autoantibodi......

Tumor protein p53 (P53, TP53) is an important protein coded by TP53 gene, it could inhibit tumor through regulation of cell cycle. Previously the main research directions on p53 are the function and mechanism in tumor inhibition. Previous studies showed that the calculated molecular weight of p53 is 43.7kDa, according to the amino acids of the protein, but the molecular weight (MW) shown in SDS-PAGE is 53kDa. The reason leads to this difference in molecular weight lies in the abundance of proline residue in the protein, and this phenomenon shows not only in human p53, but also in p53 of other species, including rat, mouse, frog and so on. The MW difference is in accordance with the p......

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a group of transforming growth factor beta superfamily of cytokines, which can control proliferation, cellular differentiation, and other functions in most cells. It is widely located in normal cells and transformed cells. It is a type of cytokine which plays a role in promotion of embryonic development, immunomodulatory effect, growth suppression, wound healing, angiogenesis, extracellular matrix precipitation and so on. This cytokine can promote the transformation of normal fibroblasts from adherent growth to suspension. Therefore, it is named. TGF-β exists in Mammals at least three isoforms called TGF-β1, TGF-β2 and TGF......

Adrenaline (Epinephrine, EPI) is the major hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, the structure belongs to the catecholamines, shown in Figure 1, It has a strong activating effect on α and β receptors. After binding with the corresponding receptors on the cell membrane, the heart rate raises, myocardial contractility becomes stronger, cardiac output increases, normally it acts as cardiac emergency medicine clinically; Norepinephrine (NE) comes from adrenaline after removing Nmethyl, also belongs to the catecholamines, shown in Figure 2. NE is an α receptor agonists, its main function is to maintain angiotasis, it could quickly adjust to maintain blood pressure to ens......

Cardial infarctionion is a kind of serious disease, which refers to a pathological processes of irreversible myocardial necrosis, mainly due to a sustained coronary ischemia. More than 90% cardial infarctionion is resulted from coronary atherosclerosis, based on thrombosis caused less seen in coronary artery spasm, stenosis and occlusion caused by a small number of embolism, inflammation, deformity, severe and persistent myocardial ischemia can also lead to myocardial necrosis. The main causes of cardial infarctionion include fatigue, agitation, bleeding, shock, dehydration, surgery or serious arrhythmia. The incidence of cardial infarctionion is about 1.5 million per year in US. While......

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a kind of type I transmembrane protein discovered by Poltorak in 1998. It is coded by TLR4 gene, and expressed on several kinds of cells, including monocytes, macrophages et al. TLR4 could recognize lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from gram negative bacteria, and then trigger signal transduction through NF-κB or JNK/SAPK pathway (Fig.1) (more information about LPS related products, please check http://www.uscnk.com/topic/LPS-ELISA-Kit-may-Substitute- for-LAL-Test.html). Innate immunity (also known as native immunity) refers immunity created during species evolution development. It appears at birth of the individual, and it functions in a broad range not s......